{ "name": "Evidence Map: human evidence for research peptides", "description": "For each research compound in the Primara Labs catalogue: the highest level of human evidence found, the completed human randomised trials identified, what it is studied for, and the key source.", "source": "https://www.primaralabs.com/research/evidence", "lastUpdated": "2026-09-23", "licence": "Free to reuse with a link to the source page.", "schema": [ { "key": "compound", "type": "string", "description": "Compound name." }, { "key": "compoundId", "type": "string", "description": "Anchor on /research/evidence." }, { "key": "alsoKnownAs", "type": "string", "description": "Other names." }, { "key": "level", "type": "string", "description": "phase3, phase2, smallHuman, animalCell or none: the highest level of human evidence found." }, { "key": "levelLabel", "type": "string", "description": "The level as the badge reads." }, { "key": "humanRcts", "type": "integer", "description": "Completed human randomised controlled trials identified; see rctScope." }, { "key": "rctScope", "type": "string", "description": "What the count includes." }, { "key": "studiedFor", "type": "string", "description": "What the compound has been studied for, from the sources." }, { "key": "basis", "type": "string", "description": "The trial or studies that set the level." }, { "key": "keySource", "type": "string", "description": "Citation of the key source." }, { "key": "rctSearchUrl", "type": "url", "description": "The Europe PMC query the count came from, where one was run." }, { "key": "products", "type": "string", "description": "Primara Labs products that contain the compound." }, { "key": "sourceUrl", "type": "url", "description": "The primary source the row was read from." }, { "key": "checkedOn", "type": "date", "description": "ISO date the source was last read." } ], "rowCount": 16, "rows": [ { "compound": "Retatrutide", "compoundId": "retatrutide", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "phase3", "levelLabel": "Phase 3 human", "humanRcts": 5, "rctScope": "Trials in the Research Desk trials dataset", "studiedFor": "obesity and overweight with a weight-related condition, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis pain, obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic low back pain, cardiovascular and renal outcomes, and fatty liver disease (MASLD)", "basis": "Four completed phase 3 trials, TRIUMPH-1 to TRIUMPH-4 (Eli Lilly topline releases, December 2025 to July 2026), and a phase 2 trial (N Engl J Med 2023).", "keySource": "Eli Lilly, TRIUMPH-1 topline release, 21 May 2026", "rctSearchUrl": null, "products": "Retatrutide", "sourceUrl": "https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lillys-triple-agonist-retatrutide-delivered-powerful-weight-loss", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Tirzepatide", "compoundId": "tirzepatide", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "phase3", "levelLabel": "Phase 3 human", "humanRcts": 5, "rctScope": "SURMOUNT obesity trials in the trials dataset; the wider literature, including diabetes trials, is larger", "studiedFor": "Obesity and overweight, obesity with type 2 diabetes, maintenance of weight reduction, and comparison with semaglutide", "basis": "Completed phase 3 trials SURMOUNT-1 to SURMOUNT-4 and the phase 3b head-to-head SURMOUNT-5 against semaglutide.", "keySource": "Jastreboff AM et al. N Engl J Med 2022 (SURMOUNT-1)", "rctSearchUrl": null, "products": "Tirzepatide", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Semaglutide", "compoundId": "semaglutide", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "phase3", "levelLabel": "Phase 3 human", "humanRcts": 7, "rctScope": "STEP obesity trials and SELECT in the trials dataset; the wider literature, including diabetes trials, is larger", "studiedFor": "Obesity and overweight, obesity with type 2 diabetes, maintenance of weight reduction, and cardiovascular outcomes in people with cardiovascular disease", "basis": "Completed phase 3 trials STEP 1 to STEP 5 and STEP 8, and the cardiovascular outcomes trial SELECT.", "keySource": "Wilding JPH et al. N Engl J Med 2021 (STEP 1)", "rctSearchUrl": null, "products": "Semaglutide", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "BPC-157", "compoundId": "bpc-157", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 0, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov", "studiedFor": "Tendon, ligament and muscle healing and gastrointestinal injury in rats; interstitial cystitis and knee pain in small uncontrolled human reports", "basis": "Three small uncontrolled human reports only: a 2-person intravenous safety pilot, a 12-patient interstitial cystitis pilot and a 16-patient retrospective knee-pain survey. No completed human randomised trial and no registered trial with results were found.", "keySource": "Vasireddi N et al. HSS J 2025 (systematic review)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22BPC-157%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22BPC%20157%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22body%20protection%20compound%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "BPC-157; GLOW Blend; KLOW Blend", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1177/15563316251355551", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "TB-500", "compoundId": "tb-500", "alsoKnownAs": "thymosin beta-4", "level": "animalCell", "levelLabel": "Animal and cell", "humanRcts": 0, "rctScope": "For the TB-500 fragment. Ten completed human RCTs exist for full-length thymosin beta-4, a different molecule", "studiedFor": "Wound, corneal and tendon healing in animals (fragment and full-length protein); dry eye, corneal healing and skin ulcers in humans (full-length thymosin beta-4 only)", "basis": "TB-500 is identified in the analytical literature as the acetylated thymosin beta-4 fragment Ac-LKKTETQ, which has animal and cell data only; one human trial is recruiting. Full-length thymosin beta-4 has human trials, mostly as eye drops: two phase 3 dry-eye trials posted near-identical results in both arms and a small phase 3 corneal trial stopped early without a significant result.", "keySource": "Esposito S et al. Drug Test Anal 2012 (TB-500 identified as Ac-LKKTETQ)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22TB-500%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22TB500%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22thymosin%20beta-4%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22thymosin%20beta%204%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "TB-500; GLOW Blend; KLOW Blend", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1402", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "GHK-Cu", "compoundId": "ghk-cu", "alsoKnownAs": "copper tripeptide-1", "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 2, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC; both topical", "studiedFor": "Diabetic foot ulcers and skin after laser resurfacing (small topical trials); cosmetic skin use; ligament and wound healing in animals; fibroblast growth in cell culture", "basis": "Two small randomised trials of topical GHK-Cu: a 1994 diabetic ulcer trial whose size and phase the abstract does not give, and a 13-patient trial after laser resurfacing with no objective benefit.", "keySource": "Pickart L et al. Biomed Res Int 2015 (review)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22GHK-Cu%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22GHK-copper%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22copper%20tripeptide%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "GHK-Cu; GLOW Blend; KLOW Blend", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/648108", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "KPV", "compoundId": "kpv", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "animalCell", "levelLabel": "Animal and cell", "humanRcts": 0, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov", "studiedFor": "Colitis and colitis-associated tumours, peritoneal inflammation and oral mucositis in mice and rats; inflammatory signalling in cell culture", "basis": "Mouse, rat and cell-culture studies only (colitis, peritonitis, oral mucositis), plus one test-tube study on blood samples from people with HIV. No human administration study and no registered trial.", "keySource": "Dalmasso G et al. Gastroenterology 2008", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22KPV%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22Lys-Pro-Val%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "KLOW Blend", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "NAD+", "compoundId": "nad", "alsoKnownAs": "nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide", "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 3, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs of NAD+ itself identified in Europe PMC; precursor trials excluded", "studiedFor": "Ischaemic heart failure (intravenous); blood NAD levels in healthy adults (oral and intravenous); heart and brain injury after blocked blood flow in animals", "basis": "Three randomised trials of NAD+ itself, none labelled phase 2 or 3: an intravenous trial in 180 adults with ischaemic heart failure, an oral-formulation biomarker trial (60 randomised) and an 11-person intravenous pilot. Trials of precursors such as NR and NMN are excluded.", "keySource": "Yu X et al. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22NAD%2B%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22nicotinamide%20adenine%20dinucleotide%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "NAD+", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00764-7", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "MOTS-c", "compoundId": "mots-c", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "animalCell", "levelLabel": "Animal and cell", "humanRcts": 0, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov", "studiedFor": "Insulin resistance, diet-induced obesity, age-related physical decline and autoimmune diabetes in mice; circulating levels as a biomarker in people", "basis": "No published human study has given MOTS-c; human papers measure the body's own levels. A phase 1 trial of the analogue CB4211 completed in 2021 without posted results, and a phase 2a trial of MOTS-c is recruiting.", "keySource": "Lee C et al. Cell Metab 2015", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22MOTS-c%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22MOTSc%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "MOTS-c", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Tesamorelin", "compoundId": "tesamorelin", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "phase3", "levelLabel": "Phase 3 human", "humanRcts": 10, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC", "studiedFor": "Excess visceral fat in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, fatty liver disease in HIV, abdominal obesity with reduced growth hormone secretion, and cognition in older adults", "basis": "Two completed phase 3 placebo-controlled trials in adults with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation (N Engl J Med 2007, n=412; J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, n=404).", "keySource": "Falutz J et al. N Engl J Med 2007", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22tesamorelin%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "Tesamorelin", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa072375", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "CJC-1295", "compoundId": "cjc-1295", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 2, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC; both are pharmacology trials", "studiedFor": "Growth hormone and IGF-1 secretion in healthy adults; HIV-associated visceral obesity (phase 2, terminated)", "basis": "Two small randomised, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose trials in healthy adults (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006) with growth hormone and IGF-1 readouts only; a phase 2 trial in HIV was terminated without results.", "keySource": "Teichman SL et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22CJC-1295%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-1536", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Ipamorelin", "compoundId": "ipamorelin", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "phase2", "levelLabel": "Phase 2 human", "humanRcts": 1, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC", "studiedFor": "Recovery of gut function after bowel surgery (phase 2); growth hormone release in healthy men; growth hormone release, bone growth and gut motility in animals", "basis": "One completed phase 2 placebo-controlled trial in postoperative ileus (n=117), which found no significant difference from placebo.", "keySource": "Beck DE et al. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014 (phase 2)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22ipamorelin%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Bremelanotide", "compoundId": "bremelanotide", "alsoKnownAs": "PT-141", "level": "phase3", "levelLabel": "Phase 3 human", "humanRcts": 9, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC", "studiedFor": "Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women; earlier, sexual arousal disorder and erectile dysfunction; body weight in a phase 1 study", "basis": "Two identical completed phase 3 trials, RECONNECT studies 301 and 302 (Obstet Gynecol 2019; 1,267 premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder).", "keySource": "Kingsberg SA et al. Obstet Gynecol 2019 (RECONNECT)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22bremelanotide%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "PT-141", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003500", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Semax", "compoundId": "semax", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 0, "rctScope": "No study meeting the randomised-trial rule was found; the literature is mostly Russian and only English abstracts were read", "studiedFor": "Stroke and post-stroke rehabilitation, cerebrovascular insufficiency, optic nerve disease, motor neuron disease", "basis": "Small Russian clinical studies, open-label or with non-randomised comparison groups (stroke rehabilitation, acute stroke, motor neuron disease), and one small placebo-comparison imaging study in healthy volunteers.", "keySource": "Dolotov OV et al. J Neurochem 2006", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22semax%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "Semax", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03658.x", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "Selank", "compoundId": "selank", "alsoKnownAs": null, "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 0, "rctScope": "No study meeting the randomised-trial rule was found; the literature is mostly Russian and only English abstracts were read", "studiedFor": "Generalised anxiety disorder and neurasthenia; anxiety-spectrum disorders alongside a benzodiazepine", "basis": "Small Russian comparative studies in anxiety disorders against benzodiazepines (n=60 to 70), with no placebo arm and random allocation not stated in the abstracts.", "keySource": "Russian comparative study, selank vs medazepam (Europe PMC 18454096)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22selank%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "Selank", "sourceUrl": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/18454096", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" }, { "compound": "DSIP", "compoundId": "dsip", "alsoKnownAs": "delta sleep-inducing peptide", "level": "smallHuman", "levelLabel": "Small human studies", "humanRcts": 2, "rctScope": "Completed human RCTs identified and screened in Europe PMC; neither measured a sleep outcome", "studiedFor": "Chronic insomnia and sleep, withdrawal states (uncontrolled), pituitary hormones, and as an adjunct to anaesthesia", "basis": "Small human studies from 1981 to 2009 (n=6 to 24): two with stated random allocation, measuring anaesthesia depth and ACTH, and several placebo-controlled insomnia studies with mixed results.", "keySource": "Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV. J Neurochem 2006 (review)", "rctSearchUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=(TITLE_ABS%3A%22delta%20sleep-inducing%20peptide%22)%20AND%20(PUB_TYPE%3A%22Randomized%20Controlled%20Trial%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomized%22%20OR%20TITLE_ABS%3A%22randomised%22)&resultType=core&format=json&pageSize=50", "products": "DSIP", "sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x", "checkedOn": "2026-09-23" } ] }