How much human evidence, compound by compound.

The GLOW and KLOW blends are covered by their components' rows. The blends themselves have not been studied.

Retatrutide has four completed phase 3 trials, TRIUMPH-1 to TRIUMPH-4, reported by Eli Lilly between December 2025 and July 2026, and a phase 2 trial published in 2023. It is studied for obesity and overweight with a weight-related condition, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis pain, obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic low back pain, cardiovascular and renal outcomes, and fatty liver disease (MASLD). Further phase 3 trials are running, including TRIUMPH-5 against tirzepatide.

Basis: Four completed phase 3 trials, TRIUMPH-1 to TRIUMPH-4 (Eli Lilly topline releases, December 2025 to July 2026), and a phase 2 trial (N Engl J Med 2023).

Studied for: obesity and overweight with a weight-related condition, type 2 diabetes, knee osteoarthritis pain, obstructive sleep apnoea, chronic low back pain, cardiovascular and renal outcomes, and fatty liver disease (MASLD)

Eli Lilly, TRIUMPH-1 topline release, 21 May 2026 open · checked 23 September 2026

• TRIUMPH-1
• TRIUMPH-2
• TRIUMPH-3
• TRIUMPH-4
• Retatrutide phase 2 (Jastreboff)
• TRIUMPH-5
• TRIUMPH-6
• TRIUMPH-7
• TRIUMPH-8
• TRIUMPH-9
• TRIUMPH-OUTCOMES
• Retatrutide 15mg

Tirzepatide has five completed phase 3 obesity trials in the Research Desk dataset, SURMOUNT-1 to SURMOUNT-5, published between 2022 and 2025. SURMOUNT-5 compared it head to head with semaglutide in adults with obesity without type 2 diabetes. Its wider trial record, including its diabetes programme, is larger than this dataset holds.

Basis: Completed phase 3 trials SURMOUNT-1 to SURMOUNT-4 and the phase 3b head-to-head SURMOUNT-5 against semaglutide.

Studied for: Obesity and overweight, obesity with type 2 diabetes, maintenance of weight reduction, and comparison with semaglutide

Jastreboff AM et al. N Engl J Med 2022 (SURMOUNT-1) open · checked 23 September 2026

• SURMOUNT-1
• SURMOUNT-2
• SURMOUNT-3
• SURMOUNT-4
• SURMOUNT-5
• Tirzepatide 15mg

Semaglutide at 2.4 mg has seven completed phase 3 trials in the Research Desk dataset: STEP 1 to STEP 5, STEP 8 and SELECT, published between 2021 and 2023. SELECT studied cardiovascular outcomes in people with cardiovascular disease and overweight or obesity without diabetes. Its wider trial record is larger than this dataset holds.

Basis: Completed phase 3 trials STEP 1 to STEP 5 and STEP 8, and the cardiovascular outcomes trial SELECT.

Studied for: Obesity and overweight, obesity with type 2 diabetes, maintenance of weight reduction, and cardiovascular outcomes in people with cardiovascular disease

Wilding JPH et al. N Engl J Med 2021 (STEP 1) open · checked 23 September 2026

• STEP 1
• STEP 2
• STEP 3
• STEP 4
• STEP 5
• STEP 8
• SELECT
• Semaglutide 15mg

Tesamorelin, a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing factor, has two completed phase 3 trials in adults with HIV and excess abdominal fat, published in 2007 and 2010. The Research Desk evidence pass identified ten completed human randomised controlled trials in all. A cognition result in older adults was not repeated in two later trials.

Basis: Two completed phase 3 placebo-controlled trials in adults with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation (N Engl J Med 2007, n=412; J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, n=404).

Studied for: Excess visceral fat in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, fatty liver disease in HIV, abdominal obesity with reduced growth hormone secretion, and cognition in older adults

Falutz J et al. N Engl J Med 2007 open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• Tesamorelin phase 3 (Falutz, NEJM 2007)
• Tesamorelin 10mg

Bremelanotide (sold as PT-141) is a melanocortin receptor agonist with two completed phase 3 trials, RECONNECT 301 and 302, in 1,267 premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, published in 2019. The evidence pass identified nine completed human randomised controlled trials. A trial in men with erectile dysfunction carries a published expression of concern and is not counted.

Basis: Two identical completed phase 3 trials, RECONNECT studies 301 and 302 (Obstet Gynecol 2019; 1,267 premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder).

Studied for: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women; earlier, sexual arousal disorder and erectile dysfunction; body weight in a phase 1 study

Kingsberg SA et al. Obstet Gynecol 2019 (RECONNECT) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• RECONNECT (studies 301 and 302)
• PT-141 10mg

Ipamorelin, a synthetic growth hormone secretagogue, has one completed phase 2 human trial, in patients recovering from bowel resection, and it found no significant difference from placebo. Other human data are pharmacology studies of growth hormone release in healthy men. Most of its literature is animal work.

Basis: One completed phase 2 placebo-controlled trial in postoperative ileus (n=117), which found no significant difference from placebo.

Studied for: Recovery of gut function after bowel surgery (phase 2); growth hormone release in healthy men; growth hormone release, bone growth and gut motility in animals

Beck DE et al. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014 (phase 2) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin 5mg + 5mg

BPC-157 has no completed human randomised controlled trial. Its human data are three small uncontrolled reports of 2 to 16 people, and a 2025 systematic review found no clinical safety data. Almost all of its literature is rat work on tendon, ligament and gut healing.

Basis: Three small uncontrolled human reports only: a 2-person intravenous safety pilot, a 12-patient interstitial cystitis pilot and a 16-patient retrospective knee-pain survey. No completed human randomised trial and no registered trial with results were found.

Studied for: Tendon, ligament and muscle healing and gastrointestinal injury in rats; interstitial cystitis and knee pain in small uncontrolled human reports

Vasireddi N et al. HSS J 2025 (systematic review) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• BPC-157 20mg
• GLOW Blend 70mg
• KLOW Blend 80mg

GHK-Cu is a copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma. Its human evidence is two small topical trials, one in diabetic foot ulcers from 1994 and one after laser skin resurfacing that found no objective benefit; a 2025 review notes a surprising absence of clinical studies. Most of its literature is cell and animal work.

Basis: Two small randomised trials of topical GHK-Cu: a 1994 diabetic ulcer trial whose size and phase the abstract does not give, and a 13-patient trial after laser resurfacing with no objective benefit.

Studied for: Diabetic foot ulcers and skin after laser resurfacing (small topical trials); cosmetic skin use; ligament and wound healing in animals; fibroblast growth in cell culture

Pickart L et al. Biomed Res Int 2015 (review) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• GHK-Cu 50mg
• GLOW Blend 70mg
• KLOW Blend 80mg

NAD+ is a coenzyme central to cellular energy metabolism. Three small randomised trials have given NAD+ itself to people, the largest an intravenous trial in 180 adults with ischaemic heart failure; none is a phase 2 or phase 3 trial. Most human research on raising NAD uses precursors such as NR and NMN, which are different molecules.

Basis: Three randomised trials of NAD+ itself, none labelled phase 2 or 3: an intravenous trial in 180 adults with ischaemic heart failure, an oral-formulation biomarker trial (60 randomised) and an 11-person intravenous pilot. Trials of precursors such as NR and NMN are excluded.

Studied for: Ischaemic heart failure (intravenous); blood NAD levels in healthy adults (oral and intravenous); heart and brain injury after blocked blood flow in animals

Yu X et al. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2026 open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• NAD+ 1000mg

CJC-1295 is a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its human evidence is two small randomised pharmacology trials in healthy adults, published in 2006, that measured growth hormone and IGF-1 rather than a clinical outcome. The human data are for the albumin-binding (DAC) form; no human trial of the form without DAC was found.

Basis: Two small randomised, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose trials in healthy adults (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006) with growth hormone and IGF-1 readouts only; a phase 2 trial in HIV was terminated without results.

Studied for: Growth hormone and IGF-1 secretion in healthy adults; HIV-associated visceral obesity (phase 2, terminated)

Teichman SL et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin 5mg + 5mg

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from a fragment of ACTH. Its human evidence is small Russian clinical studies, none confirmed as randomised in the abstracts indexed by Europe PMC, mostly in stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Its mechanism is described from rat work on BDNF signalling.

Basis: Small Russian clinical studies, open-label or with non-randomised comparison groups (stroke rehabilitation, acute stroke, motor neuron disease), and one small placebo-comparison imaging study in healthy volunteers.

Studied for: Stroke and post-stroke rehabilitation, cerebrovascular insufficiency, optic nerve disease, motor neuron disease

Dolotov OV et al. J Neurochem 2006 open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• Semax 10mg

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide studied in Russia for anxiety disorders. Its human evidence is small comparative studies against benzodiazepines without a placebo arm or stated random allocation. Its proposed mechanisms, GABA receptor modulation and enkephalinase inhibition, come from laboratory work.

Basis: Small Russian comparative studies in anxiety disorders against benzodiazepines (n=60 to 70), with no placebo arm and random allocation not stated in the abstracts.

Studied for: Generalised anxiety disorder and neurasthenia; anxiety-spectrum disorders alongside a benzodiazepine

Russian comparative study, selank vs medazepam (Europe PMC 18454096) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• Selank 10mg

Delta sleep-inducing peptide is a nine-residue peptide with no identified gene, precursor or receptor, so its mechanism is unknown. Its human evidence is small studies from 1981 to 2009, with sleep results its own authors described as weak and conflicting.

Basis: Small human studies from 1981 to 2009 (n=6 to 24): two with stated random allocation, measuring anaesthesia depth and ACTH, and several placebo-controlled insomnia studies with mixed results.

Studied for: Chronic insomnia and sleep, withdrawal states (uncontrolled), pituitary hormones, and as an adjunct to anaesthesia

Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV. J Neurochem 2006 (review) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• DSIP 10mg

No human trial of TB-500, the acetylated thymosin beta-4 fragment Ac-LKKTETQ, has reported; its evidence is animal and cell work. Full-length thymosin beta-4 has been studied in people, mostly as eye drops, where two phase 3 dry-eye trials posted near-identical results in both arms. A 2024 cell study found the wound-healing activity came from a TB-500 breakdown product rather than TB-500 itself.

Basis: TB-500 is identified in the analytical literature as the acetylated thymosin beta-4 fragment Ac-LKKTETQ, which has animal and cell data only; one human trial is recruiting. Full-length thymosin beta-4 has human trials, mostly as eye drops: two phase 3 dry-eye trials posted near-identical results in both arms and a small phase 3 corneal trial stopped early without a significant result.

Studied for: Wound, corneal and tendon healing in animals (fragment and full-length protein); dry eye, corneal healing and skin ulcers in humans (full-length thymosin beta-4 only)

Esposito S et al. Drug Test Anal 2012 (TB-500 identified as Ac-LKKTETQ) open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• TB-500 10mg
• GLOW Blend 70mg
• KLOW Blend 80mg

KPV is the three-amino-acid tail (Lys-Pro-Val) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It has never been given to people in a published study; its evidence is mouse, rat and cell work, mostly in colitis models.

Basis: Mouse, rat and cell-culture studies only (colitis, peritonitis, oral mucositis), plus one test-tube study on blood samples from people with HIV. No human administration study and no registered trial.

Studied for: Colitis and colitis-associated tumours, peritoneal inflammation and oral mucositis in mice and rats; inflammatory signalling in cell culture

Dalmasso G et al. Gastroenterology 2008 open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• KLOW Blend 80mg

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. No published study has given it to people; its evidence is mouse and cell work on insulin sensitivity and physical capacity. A phase 2a human trial was recruiting when checked.

Basis: No published human study has given MOTS-c; human papers measure the body's own levels. A phase 1 trial of the analogue CB4211 completed in 2021 without posted results, and a phase 2a trial of MOTS-c is recruiting.

Studied for: Insulin resistance, diet-induced obesity, age-related physical decline and autoimmune diabetes in mice; circulating levels as a biomarker in people

Lee C et al. Cell Metab 2015 open · checked 23 September 2026 · Europe PMC search behind the count

• MOTS-c 10mg